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India's 75th Anniversary of Independence: How Moscow Became New Delhi's All-Weather Friend_我的网站

一 |     Exactly 75 years ago Jawaharlal Nehru, one of the principal leaders of India’s independence movement in the 1930s and 1940s, was sworn in as prime minister of the Dominion of India and raised the national flag at the Red Fort in Delhi. Having brought an end to the colonial rule of the British Empire, the Indian leadership embraced the concept of "non-alignment" and "neutrality" and diversified its ties, seeking new partnerships. At the time, the Soviet Union emerged as a natural ally for the independent Indian state.,Nehru was attracted to Marxism and promoted the idea of evolutionary and inclusive socialism. Back in 1927, the would-be Indian prime minister visited the USSR for the first time together with his wife Kamala, younger sister Krishna, and his father Motilal Nehru, a leader of the Indian National Congress.,The trip was connected with the 10th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution, which was seen by Nehru and other Indian nationalists in "a very positive light," according to Dr. Anuradha Chenoy, professor of the Center for Russian and Central Asian Studies at Jawaharlal Nehru University.,The Soviet press extensively covered the Nehrus' visit to Moscow, hailing Motilal and Jawaharlal as prominent leaders of India’s freedom movement. Jawaharlal Nehru was received in the Kremlin by Mikhail Kalinin, chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Having wrapped up his journey, the Indian politician wrote a booklet titled "Soviet Russia, some random sketches and impressions" (1928).,"Jawaharlal Nehru was influenced by Marxist and socialist thought to some extent, as he saw the need for state intervention for alleviating poverty, developing infrastructure and for development," says Dr. Chenoy. "He thus advocated and made policies to develop state- or public sector industries and also created a Planning Commission. Independent India's Second Plan was especially modeled around the Soviet planning system.",CC BY 2.0 / Public.Resource.Org / Photo 656          Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru at the mike. 20.7.47                    Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru at the mike. 20.7.47          CC BY 2.0 / Public.Resource.Org / Photo 656,USSR Helped India Lay the Groundwork for Industrialization,On January 26, 1950, India became a republic within the Commonwealth of Nations with Jawaharlal Nehru serving as the Republic of India's prime minister until May 27, 1964. During this period, the USSR and India started to deepen their ties, according to Dr. Chenoy.,"Soviet support was crucial for an underdeveloped and newly liberated country like India," the academic explains. "Since India wanted to develop as a 'mixed economy,' that is to have both a state and private sector, Western countries refused them any aid and assistance that India needed. So India turned to the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union assisted India in the creation of new steel plants and several infrastructure industries. They assisted in developing Indian science and technology institutions which laid the base for Indian development in later years.",Dr. Chenoy elaborates that in the 1950s, the USSR helped India lay the groundwork for the country's early industrialization, with the Asian giant then starting to receive Russian defense equipment and military hardware.,CC0 / / Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) at the National Press Club, Washington, D.C. 1n 1966 Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) at the National Press Club, Washington, D.C. 1n 1966CC0 / /,Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation,The Indian war with Pakistan in 1971 became a pivotal moment for Indo-Soviet relations, according to the Indian academic. The conflict erupted over the Bangladesh liberation movement in East Pakistan, which was accompanied by killings of the Bengalis – both Muslims and Hindus – by West Pakistani forces led by General Agha Muhammad Yahya Khan in March 1971.,As a result of the violence and instability caused by the onslaught in East Pakistan, an estimated 10 million Bengalis fled to India by May 1971, prompting Delhi to intervene. Judging from documents released in December 2002 by the National Security Archive (NSA), a US non-profit archival institution, US President Richard Nixon and National Security Advisor Henry Kissinger did nothing to curtail the West Pakistani repressions against Bengalis and backed General Yahya.,After India stepped in to shield the Bengalis, "not only did the United States publicly pronounce India as the aggressor in the war, but the US sent the nuclear aircraft carrier, USS Enterprise, to the Bay of Bengal, and authorized the transfer of US military supplies to Pakistan, despite the apparent illegality of doing so," according to the non-profit.,Moscow's help came in handy at the time: in August 1971, India and the USSR concluded the Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation that specified mutual strategic cooperation between the countries. The treaty sent a powerful signal to the US and its allies. Eventually, the conflict ended on December 16, 1971 with the military forces of West Pakistan that were in Bangladesh surrendering.,"The Indian war with Pakistan on the issue of the liberation of Bangladesh in 1971 was a very special moment of Soviet support since the US wanted to help its ally Pakistan," says Dr. Chenoy. "After this, the Treaty of Friendship signed between India and the USSR was very holistic and provided India with much technological and defense support. Since then the friendship has increased.",© Photo : Indian PM OfficeModi Putin MeetModi Putin Meet© Photo : Indian PM Office,India's Strategic Autonomy,The historic Indo-Soviet Treaty of Peace, Friendship and Cooperation was renewed for another 20 years on August 8, 1991. After the collapse of the USSR, Moscow and New Delhi replaced the accords with the 20-year Treaty of Indo-Russian Friendship and Cooperation in January 1993.,Although the dissolution of the USSR resulted in a temporary chill in Russo-Indian economic and trade relations, they were soon reshuffled and are continuing to develop regardless of sanctions imposed by the West, according to Dr. Chenoy.,Since the declaration of independence back in 1947, India has managed to achieve significant strategic autonomy. The country has been maintaining ties with various global powers in accordance with its own strategic plans.,Thus, in June 2022, Indian Foreign Minister Subrahmanyam Jaishankar made it clear at the GlobeSec 2022 Bratislava Forum that India would not copycat the West's anti-Russia policies in the wake of Moscow's special operation to demilitarize and de-Nazify Ukraine. He stressed that “the world cannot be that Euro-centric as it used to be in the past,” adding that India, which is one-fifth of the world’s population and the fifth-largest economy will be guided by its national interests in the first place.。    借助资料走近鲁迅          感受“大先生”民族魂          12月10日，顺义区小学语文六年级第八次基础研修活动在西辛小学教育集团举行。

二 | 本次活动以“借助资料走近鲁迅，感受‘大先生’民族魂”为主题，旨在通过六年级上册第八单元的整体教学设计及课例展示，促进区内语文教师之间的交流与学习，共同提升教学质量。

三 |          顺义区教育研究和教师研修中心教研员魏淑媛老师、西辛小学教育集团裴艳玲校长、集团教学主管傅秋丽主任全程参与活动，顺义区各小学六年级语文教师也参加了现场活动。         清晨，伴随着冬日的暖阳，教师们陆续抵达活动现场。在宽敞明亮的会议室外参观了“致敬鲁迅”校园主题展览，对此次单元学习成果有了整体的了解。         活动伊始，西辛小学教育集团孙阳副主任简要介绍了活动安排，明确了本次研修的目标与任务。         随后，郭朝霞老师带来了《少年闰土》的课例展示，她以生动的语言、丰富的表情和肢体语言，将学生们带入了一个充满乡土气息与纯真友情的世界，赢得了在场教师的阵阵掌声。

四 |          彭阳老师展示的《有的人——纪念鲁迅有感》一课，则通过深情的诵读与细腻的分析，引导学生们深入理解了鲁迅先生的精神品质与思想内涵，使大家对鲁迅先生的敬仰之情油然而生。         课后，郭朝霞与彭阳两位老师分别就自己的课时教学设计及课后反思进行了分享。         孙阳副主任代表集团六年级组进行第八单元教材分析和单元教学案例介绍。她依托单元教学内容，紧扣新课标中学习任务群理念，详细解读单元核心目标及进阶要点的推导过程，呈现了学生在第八单元学习中，从“借助资料理解文本，感受品格”，到“联系时代体会成就”，再到“关联自我，传承精神”的能力进阶路径。         六年级语文组围绕目标落实以“致敬鲁迅”为大情境，设计了“初识鲁迅 ，建立期待”“对话作品，走近鲁迅”“倾吐心声，致敬先生”“转化输出，纪念鲁迅”四个子任务，让学生经历了查找、搜集资料，提取有价值的信息，理解课文内容，构建人物形象；再通过梳理整合信息，讲述人物事例，表达人物精神的学习过程。

五 |          其中，六年级组针对编制“致敬鲁迅”纪念册，开展校园宣讲活动这一任务做了项目式学习设计，学生开展分组合作，编制纪念册，召开班级宣讲会和年级鲁迅主题展等活动，让更多师生在此过程中走近鲁迅，感受人物品格与精神的激励。         最后，魏淑媛老师主持了研讨与交流环节。教师们围绕鲁迅作品的教学、单元整体设计以及项目式学习的实施等问题展开了热烈的讨论。

六 | 大家各抒己见，畅所欲言，不仅增进了彼此之间的了解与友谊，更在思想的碰撞中擦出了智慧的火花。         魏淑媛老师为与会人员开展微讲座，指导教师共同学习教育家叶圣陶先生的话：“精读、略读分课型教学，在精读课和略读课中都重视参读的指导，使精读、略读和参读相互配合起来，以利于培养学生独立阅读的能力和习惯。” “参读，实际就是泛览一些比勘性、参考性的相关文章。” “利用参考书籍的习惯，必须在学习国文的时候养成。”由此进一步加深了参会教师对参读方法的理解与认识。

七 |          本次研修活动在热烈的研讨氛围中圆满结束。通过此次活动，教师们不仅收获了宝贵的教学经验与启示，更深刻感受到了鲁迅先生的民族魂与时代精神，大家将以此为契机，不断探索与创新，共同推动顺义区小学语文教育事业的发展。                             撰稿：张爱雪          照片：六年级组          初审：孙 阳          复审：马红莲          终审：裴艳玲。

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